汽車消費貸款的外文文獻

❹ 求助：現急需一篇關於消費信貸的外文及中文翻譯，大約兩千字哦，本人不甚感激

消費信貸是個人和家庭用於滿足個人需求(房產抵押貸款例外)的信貸,與企業信貸相反。消費信貸是商業企業、銀行或其他金融機構對消費者個人提供的信貸。主要用於消費者購買耐用消費品（如傢具、家電、汽車等）、房屋和各種勞務。

消費信貸有兩種基本類型：封閉式信貸和開放式信貸。封閉式信貸指在一段時間內以相同金額分數次償還債務的方式。開放式信貸是循環發放的貸款，部分付款根據定期郵寄的帳單繳付。
封閉式信貸：
●抵押貸款
●汽車貸款
●分期付款貸款（分期付款銷售合同、分期現金支付信貸和一次性信貸）
開放式信貸：
●旅遊與娛樂卡
●透支保護
●百貨商店發行的卡和銀行卡（有銀聯、維薩Visa、萬事達MasterCard）

消費信貸的形式主要有：①賒銷。零售商向消費者提供的短期信貸，即用延期付款的方式銷售商品。西方國家對此多採用信用卡的方式，定期結算清償。②分期付款。消費者在購買高檔消費品時，只支付一部分貨款，然後按合同分期加息支付其餘貨款。如果消費者不能按時償還所欠款項，其所購商品將被收回，並不再退回已付款項。③消費貸款。銀行通過信用放款或抵押放款以及信用卡、支票保證卡等方式向消費者提供的貸款。消費信貸又可分為買方信貸和賣方信貸，前者是對消費品的購買者直接發放貸款；後者則是以分期付款單作抵押，對銷售消費品的商業企業發放貸款，或由銀行同以信用方式銷售商品的商業企業簽訂合同，用現金的形式把貨款付給商業企業。

消費信貸的產生和存在是社會生產發展和人們消費結構變化的客觀要求，在一定程度上可以緩和消費者有限的購買力與不斷提高的生活需求之間的矛盾，對開拓銷售市場，促進生產和流通有積極作用。但是，消費者對未來購買力的超前預支，往往會造成一時的虛假需求，掩蓋生產與消費之間的矛盾。
Consumer credit is indivials and families to meet the indivial needs of (real estate mortgage exceptions) the credit, and credit the contrary. Consumer credit is a commercial enterprises, banks or other financial institutions to provide the indivial consumer credit. Mainly for consumers to purchase consumer rable goods (such as furniture, household appliances, automobiles, etc.), housing and various services.

Consumer Credit There are two basic types: closed-end credit and open credit. Closed-end credit refers to a period of time with the same amount of outstanding debt, scores of the way. Open credit is the cycle of loans, partial payment in accordance with the regular mail to pay bills.
Closed-end credit:
● mortgage
● car loans
● installment loans (installment sales contracts, staging a one-time cash payment of credit and credit)
Open credit:
● tourism and entertainment cards
● overdraft protection
● cards issued by the department store and bank cards (with China UnionPay, Visa Visa, MasterCard MasterCard)

Consumer credit in the form of a major: ① credit. Retailers to provide consumers with the short-term credit, that is, using the deferred payment of goods sold. Western countries have adopted more than credit cards, regularly clearing settlement. ② instalments. Consumers in the purchase of high-grade consumer goods, pay only part of the purchase price and interest rate increase by contract to pay the remaining phases of money. If consumers can not repay outstanding obligations on time, their purchases of goods will be resumed, and no refund payments made. ③ consumer loans. Diyafangkuan Xinyongfangkuan or through banks and credit card, check guarantee card, and other ways to provide consumers with loans. Consumer credit can be divided into the seller and the buyer's credit loan, which is the purchase of consumer goods direct loans while the latter is for mortgage instalments alone, sales of consumer goods for commercial enterprises loans, or by the bank to Credit goods sold commercial enterprises signed contracts, the cash purchase price paid in the form of commercial enterprises.

Consumer credit is generated and the presence of the development of social proction and people's changing consumption structure of the objective requirements, to a certain extent, can alleviate the limited purchasing power of consumers and constantly improve the lives of the conflict between the needs of opening up markets, promote the proction and circulation. Have a positive effect. However, the purchasing power of consumers in the future ahead of the advance, often causing a temporary false demand, proction and consumption to cover up the contradictions between.
希望能幫你！

❺ 消費信貸風險管理 外文文獻

http://www.philadelphiafed.org/payment-cards-center/publications/discussion-papers/2001/ConsumerCreditRisk_092001.pdf

上面這個網址是一個pdf文檔，講的是關於消費信貸風險管理的問題。

下面這一段，是我找的資料，不知道對你有沒有用。

Consumer Credit Risk Management
Most companies involved in lending to consumers have departments dedicated to the measurement, prediction and control of losses e to credit risk. This field is loosely referred to consumer/retail credit risk management, however the word management is commonly dropped.

[edit] Scorecards
See full article (Credit Scorecards)

A common method for predicting credit risk is through the credit scorecard. The scorecard is a statistically based model for attributing a number (score) to a customer (or an account) which indicates the predicted probability that the customer will exhibit a certain behaviour. In calculating the score, a range of data sources may be used, including data from an application form, from credit reference agencies or from procts the customer already holds with the lender.

The most widespread type of scorecard in use is the application scorecard, which lenders employ when a customer applies for a new credit proct. The scorecard tries to predict the probability that the customer, if given the proct, would become "bad" within a given timeframe, incurring losses for the lender. The exact definition of what constitutes "bad" varies across different lenders, proct types and target markets, however examples may be "missing three payments within the next 18 months" or "default within the next 12 months". The score given to a customer is usually a three or four digit integer, and in most cases is proportional to the natural logarithm of the odds (or logit) of the customer becoming "bad". In general a low score indicates a low quality (a high chance of going "bad") and a high score indicates the opposite.

Other scorecard types may include behavioural scorecards - which try to predict the probability of an existing account turning "bad"; propensity scorecards - which try to predict the probability that a customer would accept another proct if offered one; and collections scorecards - which try to predict a customer's response to different strategies for collecting owed money.

[edit] Credit Strategy
Credit strategy is concerned with turning predictions of customer behaviour (as provided by scorecards) into a decision whether to accept their custom.

To turn an application score into a Yes/No decision "cut-offs" are generally used. A cut-off is a score at and above which customers have their application accepted and below which applications are declined. The placement of the cut-off is closely linked to the price (APR) that the lender is charging for the proct. The higher the price charged, the greater the losses the lender can enre and still remain profitable. So, with a higher price the lender can accept customers with a higher probability of going "bad" and can move the cut-off down. The opposite is true of a lower price. Most lenders go further and charge low scoring customers a higher APR than high scoring customers. This compensates for the added risk of taking on poorer quality business without effecting the lender's place in the market with better quality borrowers. In the UK, lenders must advertise a typical rate, which at least 66% of customers must receive.

Application score is also used as a factor in deciding such things as an overdraft or credit card limit. Lenders are generally happier to extend a larger limit to higher scoring customers than to lower scoring customers, because they are more likely to pay borrowings back. Alongside scorecards lie policy rules which apply regulatory requirements (such as making sure there is no lending to under 18s) and other lending policy (such as many lenders will not lend to customers who have a CCJ registered against them). Credit Strategy is also concerned with the ongoing management of a customer's account, especially with revolving credit procts such as credit cards, overdrafts and flexible loans, where the customer's balance can go up as well as down. Behavioural scorecards are used (usually monthly) to provide an updated picture of the credit-quality of the customer/account. As the customer's profile changes, the lender may choose to extend or contract the customer's limits.

[edit] Underwriting
Not all decisions can be made automatically through the methods mentioned above. This may be for a number of reasons; insufficient data, regulatory requirements, or a borderline decision. In such cases highly trained professionals called underwriters manually review the case and make a decision. This is more common in highly regulated procts such as mortgages, especially when large sums are involved.

❻ 跪求關於汽車營銷的外文文獻！

唉，還是自己經手吧，如果那完全不是你的認識，你卻拿來濫竽充數的話，遲早也會穿的，自己去經手才可以知道自己的不足，能不能勝任一樣工作，並不是靠自己去唬弄自己的。

❼ 哪裡有汽車方面的外文文獻資料！！有的請幫忙告訴下 謝謝了

英文文獻有，但翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，怎麼提供給你啊，回復郵箱地址吧，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，同時也希望你能多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的

❽ 求求~~ 關於汽車消費信貸的外文文獻PDF格式，的和對應的中文翻譯，最好還有中文翻譯。。。非常感謝。

親 ~~
過來人，理解你的心情。

其實，原創的論文網上沒有免費為你dai寫的！網上形同陌路的。有誰願意花時間給你寫呢？難道你在空閑的時間原以為別人提供這種不能給你帶來價值的服務嘛？從網上尋求幫助，即便是有好心人給你發來一片，不是原創也是枉然呀。
所以，還不如自己查找資料自己寫。花一些時間我相信你能成功的。還有就是網上混雜，萬一碰到dai寫騙人的，還要你花錢損失就大了。

親 ~~~你說是不是吧！

================【寫作參考資料可以從這里找】======================

CNKI資料庫也好、萬方數據也好都有大量的原創論文供你參考的。
中國科技期刊資料庫，它收錄了近千種中文期刊和報紙以及外文期刊。
學校都有介面下載的，真沒有免費的下載介面，到網路知道懸賞求助下載！
如果外文的你看不懂，不要緊直接找【谷歌學術】，相當好的、
網路之大，資源之強，相信任何語言的搜索都不在話下的。
如果要翻譯，可以直接谷歌翻譯一下，自己把語句梳理通順就可以了！

========================【寫作方法】=============================

寫作論文的簡單方法，先要圍繞著論題去佔有和選擇材料。然後在網上查找幾份類似的文章。

通讀一些相關資料，對這方面的內容有個大概的了解！看看別人都從哪些方面寫這個東西！

參照你們學校的論文的格式，列出提綱，接著要將提綱給你們老師看看，再修改。等老師同意你這個提綱之後，你就可以補充內容！

也可以把這幾份論文綜合一下，從每篇論文上復制一部分，組成一篇新的文章！然後把按自己的語言把每一部分換下句式或詞，經過換詞不換意的辦法處理後,網上就查不到了！

最後，到萬方等資料庫進行檢測，這里便宜啊，每一萬字才1塊錢，將掃紅部分進行再次修改！

~~ 你還感覺很難嗎？

~~ 嘻嘻 。。。

~~ 希望能幫到你。