㈠ 求关于商业银行营销的外文文献及翻译，急急急，谢谢啊
Banks and loan sales Marketing nonmarketable assets
Abstract
Theories of financial intermediation predict that bank loans should not be marketable because of moral hazard problems; banks will not conct credit risk analysis or monitor borrowers if they are not at risk for failing to perform these services. Throughout most of history, bank loans have not, in fact, been marketable. Yet, by the end of the 1980's the amount of commercial and instrial loan sales outstanding had grown to over $250 billion from trivial amounts at the beginning of the decade. To explain the opening of this loan sales market, we present a model of incentive-compatible loan sales that allows for implicit contractual features between loan sellers and loan buyers. We then test for the presence of these features using a sample of over 800 recent loan sales.
Author Keywords: Banking; Loan sales
JEL classification codes: G21; G10
Article Outline
后面的在http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-3YMWMWW-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1176654324&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=
㈡ 跪求有关银行信贷的外文文献～最好附中文翻译的～～
参考来源：JSTOR
China's fast-evolving consumer finance market
Contents
1. Footnote
China's consumer finance instry lags far behind the economy as a whole. In 2007, consumer finance balances still came to less than 13 percent of GDP, below India and far below Singapore and South Korea. Should recent growth rates persist, consumer lending promises to exceed 8 trillion renminbi ($1.2 trillion) by 2014, up from today's 3.7 trillion renminbi.( n1) But that calculation understates the market's latent potential. If consumer lending on the mainland rose to Taiwan's level, for instance, the shift could unleash as much as 10 trillion renminbi in net new consumption over the next five years--an enormous opportunity for banks and retailers.
China's people now have limited credit options. Mortgages account for 90 percent of lending to consumers, who have few choices in key proct areas, such as auto loans, credit cards, and personal loans. But the market has grown rapidly in recent years. Credit card issuance is skyrocketing, from 3 million cards in 2003 to 128 million by the end of 2008. Indeed, card issuance could surpass 300 million by 2013. Similarly, unsecured personal loans and installment loans, long the domain of underground lenders, have grown at an annual rate of 33 percent since 2006, to 744 billion renminbi, as leading domestic banks and consumer finance specialists strengthened their risk-management capabilities.
For foreign and local lenders jockeying for position in China's fast-evolving consumer finance market, we see several keys to success.
1. Recognize the market's diversity. China is a collection of local markets, each at a different stage of development, with distinct risk profiles and unique consumer preferences. These markets generally evolve through three stages of development: nascent (such as Sichuan), emerging (Jiangsu), and maturing (Shanghai). Lenders should take a portfolio view, focusing on the most promising markets, but with enough diversity to capture the next wave of growth.
2. Find a proct portfolio that matches consumer preferences. In a sense, consumer-lending procts are fungible. Many consumers balance their savings and borrowing in the aggregate, not by indivial procts. Some countries (such as South Korea) have high levels of credit card usage; others rely more on cash and personal loans. In the present early stage, the ultimate proct balance in China remains to be determined. Finding the right mix may prove crucial to success in China's fast-growing market.
3. Know the rules and their evolution. New regulations issued by Chinese banking regulators in the spring of 2009 give local and foreign banks and consumer finance specialists greater access to the market, in the form of consumer finance companies. While initially restricted to offering installment loans to retail customers with previous track records in borrowing, such companies will probably enable attackers to participate in the unsecured consumer-lending sector more quickly and at greater scale. In addition, the further deregulation of credit cards has allowed overseas banks to issue renminbi-based ones. These banks should target clear segments and develop the ability to serve the broader market.
Would-be players in such a new market must tread carefully. To assure responsible lending and borrowing, the government must strengthen credit bureaus, improve financial ecation, support 'new to credit' procts (for instance, low-limit or collateralized credit cards), and allow consumer finance balances to be securitized. Regulators and lenders must work together to improve risk management, especially the ability to identify and address organized fraud. The government must become better at spotting national and local credit bubbles.
China can manage the risks and has ample room to expand consumer credit--safely.
中国的快速发展消费金融市场
内容
1。脚注
中国的消费金融业远远落后于整体经济。 2007年，消费信贷余额仍然发生了不到国内生产总值的百分之十三，低于印度，远远低于新加坡和韩国。如果最近的增长率持续下去，消费贷款承诺2014年将超过8万亿人民币（1.2万亿美元），从今天的3.7万亿人民币。（n1）重的计算，但低估了市场的潜能。如果消费者在大陆的贷款上升到台湾的水平，例如，这种变化可能引发在未来5年高达10万亿人民币的净新的消费多 - 为银行和零售商的巨大机会。
中国人民现在是有限的信贷方案。抵押贷款占贷款的百分之90的消费者，谁在关键产品领域，如汽车贷款，信用卡几个选择，以及个人贷款。但市场发展迅速，近年来。信用卡发行是暴涨的3万2003卡，为128万，到2008年底。事实上，发卡可能超过3.0亿，到2013年。同样，无抵押个人贷款和分期付款贷款，长期贷款的地下领域，增长百分之33在一年增长率自2006年以来，至744亿元人民币作为国内领先的银行和消费者金融专家，加强其风险管理能力。
对外国和本地贷款在中国的快速发展的消费金融市场领导地位的竞赛中，我们看到一些成功的关键。
1。认识到市场的多样性。中国是一个本地市场的集合，每个在不同的发展阶段，不同的风险状况和独特的消费偏好。通过这些市场一般发展三个发展阶段：新生（如四川），新兴（江苏），和成熟（上海）。贷款人应采取组合的看法，在最有希望的市场为重点，但有足够的多样性，以捕捉到下一个发展浪潮。
2。查找产品组合相匹配的消费偏好。在某种意义上，消费信贷产品互换。许多消费者平衡储蓄和借贷总额由个别产品，而不是。如韩国的一些国家（）有信用卡使用率很高的水平;别人更多地依靠现金和个人贷款。在目前的初期阶段，在中国最终产品的平衡还有待确定。找到合适的组合可能是极端重要的在中国的快速成长的市场取得成功。
3。知道规则及其演变。由中国银行监管机构在2009年发布给当地和外国银行和消费者金融专家更自由地进入市场，消费金融公司的形式，春天的新规定。虽然最初仅限于提供分期贷款，在贷款前纪录的零售客户，这些公司将可能使攻击者在无抵押消费贷款部门的参与更迅速，规模更大。此外，信用卡的进一步放松管制已经允许外资银行发行人民币为基础的。这些银行的目标应明确部门和发展服务的能力，广阔的市场。
想要成为这样一个新的市场参与者必须谨慎行事。为了保证负责任的贷款和借款，政府必须加强征信机构，完善金融教育，支持新的信贷的产品（例如，低限制或抵押信用卡），并允许消费者将证券化融资余额。监管机构和贷款人必须共同努力，改善风险管理，特别是能够识别和处理有组织的欺诈。政府要更好地察觉成为国家和地方的信贷泡沫。
中国可以管理风险，有足够的空间，扩大消费信贷 - 安全。
㈢ 急求外文文献，关于商业银行个人消费信贷面临的风险及对策。
相关外文文献有，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，如果需要回复邮箱地址即可，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的，直接网络私信或者Hi中留言贴出你需要的问题的链接地址及邮箱地址
㈣ 求一篇商业银行信贷风险有关的外文文献，4000字左右，顺带中文翻译
童鞋你好！
这个估计需要自己搜索了！
网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！
我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库：
----------------------------------------------------------
❶ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
❷Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
❸EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会
❹ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会
❺Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库
❻Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书
❼ProQuest学位论文全文数据库
❽国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库
❾推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
-----------------------------------------------------------
中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。
弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！
学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！
外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！
所以，很容易过去的！
祝你好运！
㈤ 求助：现急需一篇关于消费信贷的外文及中文翻译，大约两千字哦，本人不甚感激
消费信贷是个人和家庭用于满足个人需求(房产抵押贷款例外)的信贷,与企业信贷相反。消费信贷是商业企业、银行或其他金融机构对消费者个人提供的信贷。主要用于消费者购买耐用消费品（如家具、家电、汽车等）、房屋和各种劳务。
消费信贷有两种基本类型：封闭式信贷和开放式信贷。封闭式信贷指在一段时间内以相同金额分数次偿还债务的方式。开放式信贷是循环发放的贷款，部分付款根据定期邮寄的帐单缴付。
封闭式信贷：
●抵押贷款
●汽车贷款
●分期付款贷款（分期付款销售合同、分期现金支付信贷和一次性信贷）
开放式信贷：
●旅游与娱乐卡
●透支保护
●百货商店发行的卡和银行卡（有银联、维萨Visa、万事达MasterCard）
消费信贷的形式主要有：①赊销。零售商向消费者提供的短期信贷，即用延期付款的方式销售商品。西方国家对此多采用信用卡的方式，定期结算清偿。②分期付款。消费者在购买高档消费品时，只支付一部分货款，然后按合同分期加息支付其余货款。如果消费者不能按时偿还所欠款项，其所购商品将被收回，并不再退回已付款项。③消费贷款。银行通过信用放款或抵押放款以及信用卡、支票保证卡等方式向消费者提供的贷款。消费信贷又可分为买方信贷和卖方信贷，前者是对消费品的购买者直接发放贷款；后者则是以分期付款单作抵押，对销售消费品的商业企业发放贷款，或由银行同以信用方式销售商品的商业企业签订合同，用现金的形式把货款付给商业企业。
消费信贷的产生和存在是社会生产发展和人们消费结构变化的客观要求，在一定程度上可以缓和消费者有限的购买力与不断提高的生活需求之间的矛盾，对开拓销售市场，促进生产和流通有积极作用。但是，消费者对未来购买力的超前预支，往往会造成一时的虚假需求，掩盖生产与消费之间的矛盾。
Consumer credit is indivials and families to meet the indivial needs of (real estate mortgage exceptions) the credit, and credit the contrary. Consumer credit is a commercial enterprises, banks or other financial institutions to provide the indivial consumer credit. Mainly for consumers to purchase consumer rable goods (such as furniture, household appliances, automobiles, etc.), housing and various services.
Consumer Credit There are two basic types: closed-end credit and open credit. Closed-end credit refers to a period of time with the same amount of outstanding debt, scores of the way. Open credit is the cycle of loans, partial payment in accordance with the regular mail to pay bills.
Closed-end credit:
● mortgage
● car loans
● installment loans (installment sales contracts, staging a one-time cash payment of credit and credit)
Open credit:
● tourism and entertainment cards
● overdraft protection
● cards issued by the department store and bank cards (with China UnionPay, Visa Visa, MasterCard MasterCard)
Consumer credit in the form of a major: ① credit. Retailers to provide consumers with the short-term credit, that is, using the deferred payment of goods sold. Western countries have adopted more than credit cards, regularly clearing settlement. ② instalments. Consumers in the purchase of high-grade consumer goods, pay only part of the purchase price and interest rate increase by contract to pay the remaining phases of money. If consumers can not repay outstanding obligations on time, their purchases of goods will be resumed, and no refund payments made. ③ consumer loans. Diyafangkuan Xinyongfangkuan or through banks and credit card, check guarantee card, and other ways to provide consumers with loans. Consumer credit can be divided into the seller and the buyer's credit loan, which is the purchase of consumer goods direct loans while the latter is for mortgage instalments alone, sales of consumer goods for commercial enterprises loans, or by the bank to Credit goods sold commercial enterprises signed contracts, the cash purchase price paid in the form of commercial enterprises.
Consumer credit is generated and the presence of the development of social proction and people's changing consumption structure of the objective requirements, to a certain extent, can alleviate the limited purchasing power of consumers and constantly improve the lives of the conflict between the needs of opening up markets, promote the proction and circulation. Have a positive effect. However, the purchasing power of consumers in the future ahead of the advance, often causing a temporary false demand, proction and consumption to cover up the contradictions between.
希望能帮你！
㈥ 跪求有关银行信贷对经济发展的影响的外文文献以及中文翻译
中国的快速发展消费金融市场
内容
1。脚注
中国的消费金融业远远落后于整体经济。 2007年，消费信贷余额仍然发生了不到国内生产总值的百分之十三，低于印度，远远低于新加坡和韩国。如果最近的增长率持续下去，消费贷款承诺2014年将超过8万亿人民币（1.2万亿美元），从今天的3.7万亿人民币。（n1）重的计算，但低估了市场的潜能。如果消费者在大陆的贷款上升到台湾的水平，例如，这种变化可能引发在未来5年高达10万亿人民币的净新的消费多 - 为银行和零售商的巨大机会。
中国人民现在是有限的信贷方案。抵押贷款占贷款的百分之90的消费者，谁在关键产品领域，如汽车贷款，信用卡几个选择，以及个人贷款。但市场发展迅速，近年来。信用卡发行是暴涨的3万2003卡，为128万，到2008年底。事实上，发卡可能超过3.0亿，到2013年。同样，无抵押个人贷款和分期付款贷款，长期贷款的地下领域，增长百分之33在一年增长率自2006年以来，至744亿元人民币作为国内领先的银行和消费者金融专家，加强其风险管理能力。
对外国和本地贷款在中国的快速发展的消费金融市场领导地位的竞赛中，我们看到一些成功的关键。
1。认识到市场的多样性。中国是一个本地市场的集合，每个在不同的发展阶段，不同的风险状况和独特的消费偏好。通过这些市场一般发展三个发展阶段：新生（如四川），新兴（江苏），和成熟（上海）。贷款人应采取组合的看法，在最有希望的市场为重点，但有足够的多样性，以捕捉到下一个发展浪潮。
2。查找产品组合相匹配的消费偏好。在某种意义上，消费信贷产品互换。许多消费者平衡储蓄和借贷总额由个别产品，而不是。如韩国的一些国家（）有信用卡使用率很高的水平;别人更多地依靠现金和个人贷款。在目前的初期阶段，在中国最终产品的平衡还有待确定。找到合适的组合可能是极端重要的在中国的快速成长的市场取得成功。
3。知道规则及其演变。由中国银行监管机构在2009年发布给当地和外国银行和消费者金融专家更自由地进入市场，消费金融公司的形式，春天的新规定。虽然最初仅限于提供分期贷款，在贷款前纪录的零售客户，这些公司将可能使攻击者在无抵押消费贷款部门的参与更迅速，规模更大。此外，信用卡的进一步放松管制已经允许外资银行发行人民币为基础的。这些银行的目标应明确部门和发展服务的能力，广阔的市场。
想要成为这样一个新的市场参与者必须谨慎行事。为了保证负责任的贷款和借款，政府必须加强征信机构，完善金融教育，支持新的信贷的产品（例如，低限制或抵押信用卡），并允许消费者将证券化融资余额。监管机构和贷款人必须共同努力，改善风险管理，特别是能够识别和处理有组织的欺诈。政府要更好地察觉成为国家和地方的信贷泡沫。
中国可以管理风险，有足够的空间，扩大消费信贷 - 安全。