汽车消费贷款的外文文献

❹ 求助：现急需一篇关于消费信贷的外文及中文翻译，大约两千字哦，本人不甚感激

消费信贷是个人和家庭用于满足个人需求(房产抵押贷款例外)的信贷,与企业信贷相反。消费信贷是商业企业、银行或其他金融机构对消费者个人提供的信贷。主要用于消费者购买耐用消费品（如家具、家电、汽车等）、房屋和各种劳务。

消费信贷有两种基本类型：封闭式信贷和开放式信贷。封闭式信贷指在一段时间内以相同金额分数次偿还债务的方式。开放式信贷是循环发放的贷款，部分付款根据定期邮寄的帐单缴付。
封闭式信贷：
●抵押贷款
●汽车贷款
●分期付款贷款（分期付款销售合同、分期现金支付信贷和一次性信贷）
开放式信贷：
●旅游与娱乐卡
●透支保护
●百货商店发行的卡和银行卡（有银联、维萨Visa、万事达MasterCard）

消费信贷的形式主要有：①赊销。零售商向消费者提供的短期信贷，即用延期付款的方式销售商品。西方国家对此多采用信用卡的方式，定期结算清偿。②分期付款。消费者在购买高档消费品时，只支付一部分货款，然后按合同分期加息支付其余货款。如果消费者不能按时偿还所欠款项，其所购商品将被收回，并不再退回已付款项。③消费贷款。银行通过信用放款或抵押放款以及信用卡、支票保证卡等方式向消费者提供的贷款。消费信贷又可分为买方信贷和卖方信贷，前者是对消费品的购买者直接发放贷款；后者则是以分期付款单作抵押，对销售消费品的商业企业发放贷款，或由银行同以信用方式销售商品的商业企业签订合同，用现金的形式把货款付给商业企业。

消费信贷的产生和存在是社会生产发展和人们消费结构变化的客观要求，在一定程度上可以缓和消费者有限的购买力与不断提高的生活需求之间的矛盾，对开拓销售市场，促进生产和流通有积极作用。但是，消费者对未来购买力的超前预支，往往会造成一时的虚假需求，掩盖生产与消费之间的矛盾。
Consumer credit is indivials and families to meet the indivial needs of (real estate mortgage exceptions) the credit, and credit the contrary. Consumer credit is a commercial enterprises, banks or other financial institutions to provide the indivial consumer credit. Mainly for consumers to purchase consumer rable goods (such as furniture, household appliances, automobiles, etc.), housing and various services.

Consumer Credit There are two basic types: closed-end credit and open credit. Closed-end credit refers to a period of time with the same amount of outstanding debt, scores of the way. Open credit is the cycle of loans, partial payment in accordance with the regular mail to pay bills.
Closed-end credit:
● mortgage
● car loans
● installment loans (installment sales contracts, staging a one-time cash payment of credit and credit)
Open credit:
● tourism and entertainment cards
● overdraft protection
● cards issued by the department store and bank cards (with China UnionPay, Visa Visa, MasterCard MasterCard)

Consumer credit in the form of a major: ① credit. Retailers to provide consumers with the short-term credit, that is, using the deferred payment of goods sold. Western countries have adopted more than credit cards, regularly clearing settlement. ② instalments. Consumers in the purchase of high-grade consumer goods, pay only part of the purchase price and interest rate increase by contract to pay the remaining phases of money. If consumers can not repay outstanding obligations on time, their purchases of goods will be resumed, and no refund payments made. ③ consumer loans. Diyafangkuan Xinyongfangkuan or through banks and credit card, check guarantee card, and other ways to provide consumers with loans. Consumer credit can be divided into the seller and the buyer's credit loan, which is the purchase of consumer goods direct loans while the latter is for mortgage instalments alone, sales of consumer goods for commercial enterprises loans, or by the bank to Credit goods sold commercial enterprises signed contracts, the cash purchase price paid in the form of commercial enterprises.

Consumer credit is generated and the presence of the development of social proction and people's changing consumption structure of the objective requirements, to a certain extent, can alleviate the limited purchasing power of consumers and constantly improve the lives of the conflict between the needs of opening up markets, promote the proction and circulation. Have a positive effect. However, the purchasing power of consumers in the future ahead of the advance, often causing a temporary false demand, proction and consumption to cover up the contradictions between.
希望能帮你！

❺ 消费信贷风险管理 外文文献

http://www.philadelphiafed.org/payment-cards-center/publications/discussion-papers/2001/ConsumerCreditRisk_092001.pdf

上面这个网址是一个pdf文档，讲的是关于消费信贷风险管理的问题。

下面这一段，是我找的资料，不知道对你有没有用。

Consumer Credit Risk Management
Most companies involved in lending to consumers have departments dedicated to the measurement, prediction and control of losses e to credit risk. This field is loosely referred to consumer/retail credit risk management, however the word management is commonly dropped.

[edit] Scorecards
See full article (Credit Scorecards)

A common method for predicting credit risk is through the credit scorecard. The scorecard is a statistically based model for attributing a number (score) to a customer (or an account) which indicates the predicted probability that the customer will exhibit a certain behaviour. In calculating the score, a range of data sources may be used, including data from an application form, from credit reference agencies or from procts the customer already holds with the lender.

The most widespread type of scorecard in use is the application scorecard, which lenders employ when a customer applies for a new credit proct. The scorecard tries to predict the probability that the customer, if given the proct, would become "bad" within a given timeframe, incurring losses for the lender. The exact definition of what constitutes "bad" varies across different lenders, proct types and target markets, however examples may be "missing three payments within the next 18 months" or "default within the next 12 months". The score given to a customer is usually a three or four digit integer, and in most cases is proportional to the natural logarithm of the odds (or logit) of the customer becoming "bad". In general a low score indicates a low quality (a high chance of going "bad") and a high score indicates the opposite.

Other scorecard types may include behavioural scorecards - which try to predict the probability of an existing account turning "bad"; propensity scorecards - which try to predict the probability that a customer would accept another proct if offered one; and collections scorecards - which try to predict a customer's response to different strategies for collecting owed money.

[edit] Credit Strategy
Credit strategy is concerned with turning predictions of customer behaviour (as provided by scorecards) into a decision whether to accept their custom.

To turn an application score into a Yes/No decision "cut-offs" are generally used. A cut-off is a score at and above which customers have their application accepted and below which applications are declined. The placement of the cut-off is closely linked to the price (APR) that the lender is charging for the proct. The higher the price charged, the greater the losses the lender can enre and still remain profitable. So, with a higher price the lender can accept customers with a higher probability of going "bad" and can move the cut-off down. The opposite is true of a lower price. Most lenders go further and charge low scoring customers a higher APR than high scoring customers. This compensates for the added risk of taking on poorer quality business without effecting the lender's place in the market with better quality borrowers. In the UK, lenders must advertise a typical rate, which at least 66% of customers must receive.

Application score is also used as a factor in deciding such things as an overdraft or credit card limit. Lenders are generally happier to extend a larger limit to higher scoring customers than to lower scoring customers, because they are more likely to pay borrowings back. Alongside scorecards lie policy rules which apply regulatory requirements (such as making sure there is no lending to under 18s) and other lending policy (such as many lenders will not lend to customers who have a CCJ registered against them). Credit Strategy is also concerned with the ongoing management of a customer's account, especially with revolving credit procts such as credit cards, overdrafts and flexible loans, where the customer's balance can go up as well as down. Behavioural scorecards are used (usually monthly) to provide an updated picture of the credit-quality of the customer/account. As the customer's profile changes, the lender may choose to extend or contract the customer's limits.

[edit] Underwriting
Not all decisions can be made automatically through the methods mentioned above. This may be for a number of reasons; insufficient data, regulatory requirements, or a borderline decision. In such cases highly trained professionals called underwriters manually review the case and make a decision. This is more common in highly regulated procts such as mortgages, especially when large sums are involved.

❻ 跪求关于汽车营销的外文文献！

唉，还是自己经手吧，如果那完全不是你的认识，你却拿来滥竽充数的话，迟早也会穿的，自己去经手才可以知道自己的不足，能不能胜任一样工作，并不是靠自己去唬弄自己的。

❼ 哪里有汽车方面的外文文献资料！！有的请帮忙告诉下 谢谢了

英文文献有，但翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，怎么提供给你啊，回复邮箱地址吧，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，同时也希望你能多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的

❽ 求求~~ 关于汽车消费信贷的外文文献PDF格式，的和对应的中文翻译，最好还有中文翻译。。。非常感谢。

亲 ~~
过来人，理解你的心情。

其实，原创的论文网上没有免费为你dai写的！网上形同陌路的。有谁愿意花时间给你写呢？难道你在空闲的时间原以为别人提供这种不能给你带来价值的服务嘛？从网上寻求帮助，即便是有好心人给你发来一片，不是原创也是枉然呀。
所以，还不如自己查找资料自己写。花一些时间我相信你能成功的。还有就是网上混杂，万一碰到dai写骗人的，还要你花钱损失就大了。

亲 ~~~你说是不是吧！

================【写作参考资料可以从这里找】======================

CNKI数据库也好、万方数据也好都有大量的原创论文供你参考的。
中国科技期刊数据库，它收录了近千种中文期刊和报纸以及外文期刊。
学校都有接口下载的，真没有免费的下载接口，到网络知道悬赏求助下载！
如果外文的你看不懂，不要紧直接找【谷歌学术】，相当好的、
网络之大，资源之强，相信任何语言的搜索都不在话下的。
如果要翻译，可以直接谷歌翻译一下，自己把语句梳理通顺就可以了！

========================【写作方法】=============================

写作论文的简单方法，先要围绕着论题去占有和选择材料。然后在网上查找几份类似的文章。

通读一些相关资料，对这方面的内容有个大概的了解！看看别人都从哪些方面写这个东西！

参照你们学校的论文的格式，列出提纲，接着要将提纲给你们老师看看，再修改。等老师同意你这个提纲之后，你就可以补充内容！

也可以把这几份论文综合一下，从每篇论文上复制一部分，组成一篇新的文章！然后把按自己的语言把每一部分换下句式或词，经过换词不换意的办法处理后,网上就查不到了！

最后，到万方等数据库进行检测，这里便宜啊，每一万字才1块钱，将扫红部分进行再次修改！

~~ 你还感觉很难吗？

~~ 嘻嘻 。。。

~~ 希望能帮到你。