Ⅰ 跪求关于汽车营销的外文文献！
唉，还是自己经手吧，如果那完全不是你的认识，你却拿来滥竽充数的话，迟早也会穿的，自己去经手才可以知道自己的不足，能不能胜任一样工作，并不是靠自己去唬弄自己的。
Ⅱ 求求~~ 关于汽车消费信贷的外文文献PDF格式，的和对应的中文翻译，最好还有中文翻译。。。非常感谢。
亲 ~~
过来人，理解你的心情。
其实，原创的论文网上没有免费为你dai写的！网上形同陌路的。有谁愿意花时间给你写呢？难道你在空闲的时间原以为别人提供这种不能给你带来价值的服务嘛？从网上寻求帮助，即便是有好心人给你发来一片，不是原创也是枉然呀。
所以，还不如自己查找资料自己写。花一些时间我相信你能成功的。还有就是网上混杂，万一碰到dai写骗人的，还要你花钱损失就大了。
亲 ~~~你说是不是吧！
================【写作参考资料可以从这里找】======================
CNKI数据库也好、万方数据也好都有大量的原创论文供你参考的。
中国科技期刊数据库，它收录了近千种中文期刊和报纸以及外文期刊。
学校都有接口下载的，真没有免费的下载接口，到网络知道悬赏求助下载！
如果外文的你看不懂，不要紧直接找【谷歌学术】，相当好的、
网络之大，资源之强，相信任何语言的搜索都不在话下的。
如果要翻译，可以直接谷歌翻译一下，自己把语句梳理通顺就可以了！
========================【写作方法】=============================
写作论文的简单方法，先要围绕着论题去占有和选择材料。然后在网上查找几份类似的文章。
通读一些相关资料，对这方面的内容有个大概的了解！看看别人都从哪些方面写这个东西！
参照你们学校的论文的格式，列出提纲，接着要将提纲给你们老师看看，再修改。等老师同意你这个提纲之后，你就可以补充内容！
也可以把这几份论文综合一下，从每篇论文上复制一部分，组成一篇新的文章！然后把按自己的语言把每一部分换下句式或词，经过换词不换意的办法处理后,网上就查不到了！
最后，到万方等数据库进行检测，这里便宜啊，每一万字才1块钱，将扫红部分进行再次修改！
~~ 你还感觉很难吗？
~~ 嘻嘻 。。。
~~ 希望能帮到你。
Ⅲ 跪求啊！！！！银行贷款风险 英文文献
The concept of Banks non-performing assets
1, the bank can't on time (according to the severity of the non-performing assets, can choose bank bankruptcy liquidation or according to the predetermined time limit), full specified amount (according to the predetermined rate) into the line of asset reorganization.
2, after the bank lending in the form of bank credit assets is not in conformity with the principle of safety, liquidity and profitability in overe, ll, bad condition and some of the loans at risk.
3, bank can't normal back or not to return the loan received.
4, refers to in a good operating state, not brings to the bank in time to normal interest income and even hard to recover the principal of bank assets, mainly refers to the non-performing loans, including subprime loan and its interest, suspicious and loss.
5, Banks can't timely get in interest income and withdraw the principal assets.
6, a good management of the state of the Banks' assets, primarily non-performing loan assets, the bank can't recover the principal and interest of the loan in a timely manner. Include: failed to recover overe loans, ll loans and non-performing loans.
[editor this paragraph]
The dangers of bad bank assets
The following harm done by the huge non-performing assets to the state-owned commercial Banks:
1. The influence the bank's capital turnover. Especially in the case of austerity or deposit landslide, Banks can't increase positions through loan recovery, often appear payment difficulties, affect bank reputation.
2. Thereby causing loss to the bank's assets. Even if a pawn can be converted into cash, but there is also a certain amount of money loss. Inventory assets restricts the turnover of funds, make the bank funds could not be applied to yield larger projects, the bank financing source is a kind of loss.
(3) leads to the deterioration of the bank's financial condition. The impact on the bank's financial bad assets is twofold. On the one hand, the more interest on the loan will not be repaid, the bank will pay this money according to the facts of the interest and other related expenses. On the other hand, the national financial system regulation, whether the interest paid in within a certain time, should be included in operating income. Therefore, the enterprise e to the more interest, bank virtual surplus real kui phenomenon is more serious.
4. Reasonable allocation of social resources. Capital is a leading factor, sedimentation configuration efficiency was unable to play, which directly affect the realization of the whole national economic benefits.
[editor this paragraph]
Management measures of non-performing assets of Banks
1. The formation of bad credit assets stripping system reason. National institutional debt of Banks and enterprises should take out a piece of institutional resources compensation, changed the loans to investment is the enterprise can't repay the bank loan to investment in the enterprise, is mainly refers to some of the national economy and people's livelihood and social stability of large enterprises loan defaults. 2. Professional shall carry out the corporate banking. Professional corporate bank, aims to establish property right clear, nobody is clear, from government administrative intervention, \"their own risks, and to balance, self-discipline, self-financing, self-development\" of the operating mechanism. Adhere to the principle of capital liquidity, safety and profitability, from the system to function all conform to the business principles of state-owned commercial Banks.
3. The construction of state-owned enterprise groups, to promote enterprise assets reorganization. Enterprise group is proced for the modern proctive scale economy requires a form of enterprise organization. Best proction scale, the lowest cost and benefit, it not only through the joint gathered huge proctivity, to proce a single enterprise is difficult to realize the combination effect of rapidly meet the requirements of modern economies of scale, at the same time, its organization, which fully reflects the flexible management of commodity economy. Have fast advanced development pattern, the enterprise group is faster than any other form of organization development, role in economic life.
Scale economic benefit, the intensive proction enterprise group company, there are two main ways: one is the implementation of indivial enterprise scale expansion, it is a corporate restructuring, through mergers and acquisitions and other forms. Powerful group co., LTD., and the latter has become adapted to market economy development request form the mainstream of group company.
The government's assets reorganization of enterprises work to strong leadership and planning, by way of joint venture, cooperation, grafting, restructuring and resources, to achieve resource restart, restructuring must implement the bank creditor's rights at the same time, in order to achieve the purpose of credit assets.
4. Strengthening the management of bank credit. Credit assets risk prevention and management of every loan credit investigation, loan review, post-loan inspection before, strengthen credit management must be carried out on loan management responsibility system. One is to clarify the responsibilities of relevant personnel, the establishment of President responsible for the system, the separation of approving system, hierarchical examination and approval system, leaving the audit system, so as to rece the management risk. 2 it is to correct their loans light tube phenomenon, achieve the fundamental transition from extensive to intensive management style, improve the level of management, improve the level of risk management, in particular, to prevent and rece new bad credit assets.
5. In accordance with the loan. First of all, from the legal safeguard the autonomy of commercial Banks and the legitimate rights and interests, put an end to the government's administrative intervention of Banks; Next, want to support the bank to collect the loan principal and interest, if necessary, by means of the law, for enterprises to evade the debt restructuring of the machine or not also rich, covert auction erosion bank assets such as mortgage goods, behavior, and to maintain the legitimate rights and interests of the bank.
这是英文的文章，你要文献就抄每段第一句。望采纳
Ⅳ 求几篇关于汽车营销的英文文献，只要题目的，我找不到。。。
Which in the homeland automobile enterprise camp pin level maximal? Believe in 90%'s insider city answer: Shanghai GM. This answer I have been also to say yes , the vehicle being that are what it gives birth to a child cannot include a reason achieving best, but selling amounts in the homeland the first. But, the insider who is also maximal , believe in 60% if my doctrine Toyota (include abundant Tian He Guang of China FAW Group Corporation vapor Toyota) camp pin is horizontal may shake head: What camp does Toyota have report back after? Small vehicle mass is good , whose city sells!
I have no intention of estimating that whose level height this two automobile enterprise camp sells here, who is low, but depending on that I being engaged in experience of automobile medium reporter for many years , I thinking that face to face be applied or used universally and abundant Tian Ying sells water
In the light of at present understanding of the most people, good automobile camp sells the marketing and sales activity being to have an innovative idea , to have effect should be elaborately planned, brand notability attracting medium speculation being advanced from this with the public attention. According to that this standard , Shanghai GM are able to get a maximum score affirmatively,the news "that 100,000 yuan of short separation overcome " makes Beijing Imperial Ancestral Temple hot , Buick GL8 "land public affair cabin " concept extends , monarch strength brand Chinese tradition culture entering , Cadillac brand are in because of Saiou to hold work of announcing ceremony waiting , all being able to be rated as the classics that Chinese automobile camp pin history mounts in recent years.
Words sending if the camp pin also shunts, "the beauty style being representative leads Shanghai GM since law " , medium public relation , news make hot , the concept announces , advertisement bombs, ... Hold tall take taxi camp high this one set selling the combination fist being applied exquisite in skill by Shanghai GM, of the first edition the Buick main current process Shanghai GM's package and the marketplace hoisting , becoming at one stroke the Chinese saloon belonging to two little brand in USA brand. Who can deny neither, Shanghai GM's overall camp pin level height proces person of the same trade or occupation indeed checking once greatly.
By contrast, China FAW Group Corporation Toyota has only wanted a low tone much , it's marketing and sales activity in recent several years has had nothing good or unusual to report , even, public relation crisis events such as "arrogant advertisement event " ", sharp aspiration oil leak event " has appeared , no wonder a lot of insider has all thought that Toyota "has not found the north yet" in Chinese camp pin except that the strength gallops to appear in the market once drew support from Zhang Yi Mou patting the advertising film event make one wheel hot. Guangzhou Toyota has put up a handful trend brutallyly ring the period of the beautiful triumphant strains omen (Camry) appears in the market , but, the quilt people has mocked well for "vehicle , the fool city has sold ".
Be that the Toyota camp pin had better be applied or used universally really? Need to know that fits in the technology " that Japan proces per day all along camp pin , having "Toyota ,broad ratification , why Toyota accomplishment selling aspect in camp has gained being thought that the camp pin dying to China afterwards on the contrary by person? I think that many people does not all understand that abundant Tian Ying sells the thought marrow, this is to improve a proct and serve steadily , the public praise forming the fine marketplace then, sells by the fact that the marketplace drives new vehicle coming public praise.
The it is the strongest to return to trend in 2006 triumphant strains US omen saloon comes up. Why does the consumer go after handful of beautiful triumphant strains omen? Who all knows this is that the beautiful saloon has formed fine public praise on Chinese marketplace because of entrance is nice. But, very few somebody asks about: Why in this way good is auspicious beautiful triumphant strains public praise? The answer not the Toyota manufacturing engineering is good , but the proct improves well. From the sixties debuted the first beautiful Daiji omens last century, Toyota is improving its quality unceasingly right away , every generation being advanced to some extent, but domestic than the last generation quality city triumphant strains US omens already are sixth generation of it. Mount sustained improvement in the same motorcycle type platform, not only having economized large amount of inkstone hair , cost of manufacture,
Antagonism, is applied or used universally , Ford waits for the automobile company to walk to be another a way, their city every year debuts a big heap of new vehicle, but every one new vehicle name , technology platform and before motorcycle type cannot find out connection. This being also leaking from a lot of automobile manufacturer in the homeland now, way, Board Chairman Qirui Yin Tong Yao has one well-known saying to here: "Alone dou, singles fights but you and I, engage in a gang fight right away ring the past life big heap of child". For the hot spot extending the new vehicle , manufacturer having to create the various concept and news,hold and the marketplace activity on a large scale , attract the medium and the public eyeball on this account.
国内哪个汽车企业的营销程度无上？相信90％的业内人士都会回答：上海通用。这个答案我也是同意的，理由是它所出产的车算不上最好，却做到了国本国销售量第一。但如果我说丰田（包括一汽丰田和广汽丰田）的营销程度也是无上的，相信60％的业内人士都会摇头：丰田有啥子营销？车子质量好，谁都会卖！
在此，我无意评价这两家汽车企业的营销程度孰高孰低，但凭着我多年从事汽车电视台记者的经历，我认为对通用和丰田营销程度的不同评价，正好代表了目前中国汽车界对汽车营销的两种不同思路。
按照目前大大都人的理解，好的汽车营销就是要精心策划有创意、有影响的市场营销勾当，吸引电视台炒作和公家关注，由此晋升品牌知名度。按照这个标准，上海通用肯定能够得到无上分，因为赛欧“10万元小别克”的新闻炒作、别克GL8“陆上公事舱”的概念推广、君威品牌中国传统文化的输入、凯迪拉克品牌在北京太庙进行发布仪式等，都堪称近年来中国汽车营销史上的经典之作。
如果营销也分门户的话，上海通用是典型的“美式打法”，电视台公关、新闻炒作、概念宣导、广告轰炸……这一套高举高打车营销组合拳被上海通用运用得出神入化，原本在美国属于二线品牌的别克经过上海通用的包装和晋升，一举成为中国轿车市场的主流品牌。谁也不克不及否认，上海通用的群体营销程度的确超出超过同业一大截。
相比之下，一汽丰田就要低调得多，除开威驰上市曾经借助张艺谋拍广告片事件炒作一轮外，几年来其市场营销勾当乏善可陈，甚或还出现了“蛮横广告事件”、“锐志漏油事件”等公关危机事件，难怪很多业内人士都认为丰田在中国的营销“还扑空北”。广州丰田在凯美瑞（Camry）上市时狠狠地出了一把风头，却被人讥为“车好，傻子都会卖”。
真的是丰田的营销不如通用吗？要知道，在日本历来有“丰田的营销、日产的技术”之称，丰田在营销方面的成就获得了广泛认可，怎么到中国之后反而被人认为营销不行了呢？我认为，很多人都不理解丰田营销思惟的精髓，这就是持续地改善产物和服务，继续往前形成良好的市场口碑，通过市场口碑来推动新车销售。
还是回到2006年风头最劲的凯美瑞轿车上来。消费者为啥子追捧凯美瑞？谁都知道这是因为进口佳美轿车在中国市场上形成了良好口碑。但很少有人问：凯美瑞的口碑为啥子这么好？答案不是丰田的打造工艺好，而是产物改善得好。从上个世纪60年代推出第一代凯美瑞开始，丰田就在不断地改善它的品位，每一代的品位都会比上一代有所晋升，而国产凯美瑞已是它的第六代。在统一个车型平台上持续改善，不仅节流了大量的开发、打造成本，品位得到不断晋升，并且消费者的口碑也在不断地累加。
相反，通用、福特等汽车公司走的是另外一条途径，它们每年都会推出一大堆新车，但每一款新车的名字、技术平台和之前的车型都找不出联系。现在，国内很多汽车厂家走的也是这条途径，奇瑞董事长尹同耀对此有一句著名的话：“单打独斗打不过你，我就生一大堆孩子来打群架。”为了推广新车，厂家不得不打造各下位概念和新闻热点，并大规模地举办市场勾当，以此吸引电视台和公家的眼球。
Ⅳ 急求：汽车营销类英文版文献
中英文对照的保时捷： http://www.yeeyan.com/articles/view/14233/3592 大众汽车 http://www.yeeyan.com/articles/view/pestwave/2388
Ⅵ 急求有关贷款定价的英文文献，要求4000----5000字
发去哪呢，留个邮箱呗~
Ⅶ 本人要写一篇关于汽车消费贷款的论文，请问哪里找到汽车消费贷款的数据
银行或汽车销售处和消费者
Ⅷ 消费信贷风险管理 外文文献
http://www.philadelphiafed.org/payment-cards-center/publications/discussion-papers/2001/ConsumerCreditRisk_092001.pdf
上面这个网址是一个pdf文档，讲的是关于消费信贷风险管理的问题。
下面这一段，是我找的资料，不知道对你有没有用。
Consumer Credit Risk Management
Most companies involved in lending to consumers have departments dedicated to the measurement, prediction and control of losses e to credit risk. This field is loosely referred to consumer/retail credit risk management, however the word management is commonly dropped.
[edit] Scorecards
See full article (Credit Scorecards)
A common method for predicting credit risk is through the credit scorecard. The scorecard is a statistically based model for attributing a number (score) to a customer (or an account) which indicates the predicted probability that the customer will exhibit a certain behaviour. In calculating the score, a range of data sources may be used, including data from an application form, from credit reference agencies or from procts the customer already holds with the lender.
The most widespread type of scorecard in use is the application scorecard, which lenders employ when a customer applies for a new credit proct. The scorecard tries to predict the probability that the customer, if given the proct, would become "bad" within a given timeframe, incurring losses for the lender. The exact definition of what constitutes "bad" varies across different lenders, proct types and target markets, however examples may be "missing three payments within the next 18 months" or "default within the next 12 months". The score given to a customer is usually a three or four digit integer, and in most cases is proportional to the natural logarithm of the odds (or logit) of the customer becoming "bad". In general a low score indicates a low quality (a high chance of going "bad") and a high score indicates the opposite.
Other scorecard types may include behavioural scorecards - which try to predict the probability of an existing account turning "bad"; propensity scorecards - which try to predict the probability that a customer would accept another proct if offered one; and collections scorecards - which try to predict a customer's response to different strategies for collecting owed money.
[edit] Credit Strategy
Credit strategy is concerned with turning predictions of customer behaviour (as provided by scorecards) into a decision whether to accept their custom.
To turn an application score into a Yes/No decision "cut-offs" are generally used. A cut-off is a score at and above which customers have their application accepted and below which applications are declined. The placement of the cut-off is closely linked to the price (APR) that the lender is charging for the proct. The higher the price charged, the greater the losses the lender can enre and still remain profitable. So, with a higher price the lender can accept customers with a higher probability of going "bad" and can move the cut-off down. The opposite is true of a lower price. Most lenders go further and charge low scoring customers a higher APR than high scoring customers. This compensates for the added risk of taking on poorer quality business without effecting the lender's place in the market with better quality borrowers. In the UK, lenders must advertise a typical rate, which at least 66% of customers must receive.
Application score is also used as a factor in deciding such things as an overdraft or credit card limit. Lenders are generally happier to extend a larger limit to higher scoring customers than to lower scoring customers, because they are more likely to pay borrowings back. Alongside scorecards lie policy rules which apply regulatory requirements (such as making sure there is no lending to under 18s) and other lending policy (such as many lenders will not lend to customers who have a CCJ registered against them). Credit Strategy is also concerned with the ongoing management of a customer's account, especially with revolving credit procts such as credit cards, overdrafts and flexible loans, where the customer's balance can go up as well as down. Behavioural scorecards are used (usually monthly) to provide an updated picture of the credit-quality of the customer/account. As the customer's profile changes, the lender may choose to extend or contract the customer's limits.
[edit] Underwriting
Not all decisions can be made automatically through the methods mentioned above. This may be for a number of reasons; insufficient data, regulatory requirements, or a borderline decision. In such cases highly trained professionals called underwriters manually review the case and make a decision. This is more common in highly regulated procts such as mortgages, especially when large sums are involved.
Ⅸ 跪求有关银行信贷的外文文献～最好附中文翻译的～～
参考来源：JSTOR
China's fast-evolving consumer finance market
Contents
1. Footnote
China's consumer finance instry lags far behind the economy as a whole. In 2007, consumer finance balances still came to less than 13 percent of GDP, below India and far below Singapore and South Korea. Should recent growth rates persist, consumer lending promises to exceed 8 trillion renminbi ($1.2 trillion) by 2014, up from today's 3.7 trillion renminbi.( n1) But that calculation understates the market's latent potential. If consumer lending on the mainland rose to Taiwan's level, for instance, the shift could unleash as much as 10 trillion renminbi in net new consumption over the next five years--an enormous opportunity for banks and retailers.
China's people now have limited credit options. Mortgages account for 90 percent of lending to consumers, who have few choices in key proct areas, such as auto loans, credit cards, and personal loans. But the market has grown rapidly in recent years. Credit card issuance is skyrocketing, from 3 million cards in 2003 to 128 million by the end of 2008. Indeed, card issuance could surpass 300 million by 2013. Similarly, unsecured personal loans and installment loans, long the domain of underground lenders, have grown at an annual rate of 33 percent since 2006, to 744 billion renminbi, as leading domestic banks and consumer finance specialists strengthened their risk-management capabilities.
For foreign and local lenders jockeying for position in China's fast-evolving consumer finance market, we see several keys to success.
1. Recognize the market's diversity. China is a collection of local markets, each at a different stage of development, with distinct risk profiles and unique consumer preferences. These markets generally evolve through three stages of development: nascent (such as Sichuan), emerging (Jiangsu), and maturing (Shanghai). Lenders should take a portfolio view, focusing on the most promising markets, but with enough diversity to capture the next wave of growth.
2. Find a proct portfolio that matches consumer preferences. In a sense, consumer-lending procts are fungible. Many consumers balance their savings and borrowing in the aggregate, not by indivial procts. Some countries (such as South Korea) have high levels of credit card usage; others rely more on cash and personal loans. In the present early stage, the ultimate proct balance in China remains to be determined. Finding the right mix may prove crucial to success in China's fast-growing market.
3. Know the rules and their evolution. New regulations issued by Chinese banking regulators in the spring of 2009 give local and foreign banks and consumer finance specialists greater access to the market, in the form of consumer finance companies. While initially restricted to offering installment loans to retail customers with previous track records in borrowing, such companies will probably enable attackers to participate in the unsecured consumer-lending sector more quickly and at greater scale. In addition, the further deregulation of credit cards has allowed overseas banks to issue renminbi-based ones. These banks should target clear segments and develop the ability to serve the broader market.
Would-be players in such a new market must tread carefully. To assure responsible lending and borrowing, the government must strengthen credit bureaus, improve financial ecation, support 'new to credit' procts (for instance, low-limit or collateralized credit cards), and allow consumer finance balances to be securitized. Regulators and lenders must work together to improve risk management, especially the ability to identify and address organized fraud. The government must become better at spotting national and local credit bubbles.
China can manage the risks and has ample room to expand consumer credit--safely.
中国的快速发展消费金融市场
内容
1。脚注
中国的消费金融业远远落后于整体经济。 2007年，消费信贷余额仍然发生了不到国内生产总值的百分之十三，低于印度，远远低于新加坡和韩国。如果最近的增长率持续下去，消费贷款承诺2014年将超过8万亿人民币（1.2万亿美元），从今天的3.7万亿人民币。（n1）重的计算，但低估了市场的潜能。如果消费者在大陆的贷款上升到台湾的水平，例如，这种变化可能引发在未来5年高达10万亿人民币的净新的消费多 - 为银行和零售商的巨大机会。
中国人民现在是有限的信贷方案。抵押贷款占贷款的百分之90的消费者，谁在关键产品领域，如汽车贷款，信用卡几个选择，以及个人贷款。但市场发展迅速，近年来。信用卡发行是暴涨的3万2003卡，为128万，到2008年底。事实上，发卡可能超过3.0亿，到2013年。同样，无抵押个人贷款和分期付款贷款，长期贷款的地下领域，增长百分之33在一年增长率自2006年以来，至744亿元人民币作为国内领先的银行和消费者金融专家，加强其风险管理能力。
对外国和本地贷款在中国的快速发展的消费金融市场领导地位的竞赛中，我们看到一些成功的关键。
1。认识到市场的多样性。中国是一个本地市场的集合，每个在不同的发展阶段，不同的风险状况和独特的消费偏好。通过这些市场一般发展三个发展阶段：新生（如四川），新兴（江苏），和成熟（上海）。贷款人应采取组合的看法，在最有希望的市场为重点，但有足够的多样性，以捕捉到下一个发展浪潮。
2。查找产品组合相匹配的消费偏好。在某种意义上，消费信贷产品互换。许多消费者平衡储蓄和借贷总额由个别产品，而不是。如韩国的一些国家（）有信用卡使用率很高的水平;别人更多地依靠现金和个人贷款。在目前的初期阶段，在中国最终产品的平衡还有待确定。找到合适的组合可能是极端重要的在中国的快速成长的市场取得成功。
3。知道规则及其演变。由中国银行监管机构在2009年发布给当地和外国银行和消费者金融专家更自由地进入市场，消费金融公司的形式，春天的新规定。虽然最初仅限于提供分期贷款，在贷款前纪录的零售客户，这些公司将可能使攻击者在无抵押消费贷款部门的参与更迅速，规模更大。此外，信用卡的进一步放松管制已经允许外资银行发行人民币为基础的。这些银行的目标应明确部门和发展服务的能力，广阔的市场。
想要成为这样一个新的市场参与者必须谨慎行事。为了保证负责任的贷款和借款，政府必须加强征信机构，完善金融教育，支持新的信贷的产品（例如，低限制或抵押信用卡），并允许消费者将证券化融资余额。监管机构和贷款人必须共同努力，改善风险管理，特别是能够识别和处理有组织的欺诈。政府要更好地察觉成为国家和地方的信贷泡沫。
中国可以管理风险，有足够的空间，扩大消费信贷 - 安全。